Hosni Mubarak yahoze atwara Misiri yatabarutse ejo ku myaka 91, yari muntu ki?

Uwahoze ari umurongozi w'igihugu ca Misiri imyaka ishika 30, Hosni Mubarak, yaryamiye ukuboko kw'abagabo ku wa kabiri afise imyaka 31 yapfubwe uno munsi itariki 26/02/2020.

None Hosni Mubarak yari muntu ki?

Hosni Mubarak yari umusirikare ariko yanabaye umwe yihaye umugambi wo kuronderera amahoro igihugu ciwe ku rwego mpuzamakungu.

Mugihe c'uburongozi bwiwe, igihugu ca Misiri cafashe uburongozi mu kugerageza guhuza aba nya Palestina na Isiraheli mu masezerano y'amahoro.

Imyaka 30 ari ku butegetsi yarangiye mu 2011, igihe imyiyerekano yamutuma ava ku butegetsi.

Yidogewe ko yakoresheje amategeko nk'ay'igihugu kiri mu ngwano kugira acinyize abo batavuga rumwe muri politike, hanyuma umwaka wanyuma wiwe yawumaze ariko arahakana ivyaha bijanye n'ubunyonyezi yagirizwa.

Umugwanyi w'umudereva w'indege

Muhammad Hosni azwi cane kw'izina rya Mubarak yavutse italiki 4 z'ukwezi kwa 5 mu 1928 mu buraruko bwa Misiri muri Kafr-El Meselha.

Naho atize amashule akomeye imbere yaho, yahavuye aronka impamya bushobozi muri Kaminuza y'igisirikare co mu Misiri mu 1949.

Yarungitswe mu gisata co kugwanira mu kirere aharonkera amabanga yo kurongora mu 1950.

Yamaze imyaka 2 atwara indege z'ingwano yongera aba umwigisha mu gutwara ingede.

Yariboneye n'amaso ingene uguhirika ubutegetsi bwa Generali Gamal Abdel Nasser mu 1952 hamwe n'intambara zo mu karere ka Suez zakurikiye, vyagenze.

Mu 1959, Mubarak yafashe urugendo mu cahoze ari Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'abasoviete - igisirikare congerereza ibigwanisho Leta ya Misiri - ari naho yigiye gutwara indege zitera amabombe.

Yubakanye na Suzana - umwigeme w'imyaka 17 w'umuganga, baguma bakorana uko yaduga amapete, gushika abe ujejwe igisata cigisha kugwanira mu kirere hamwe n'umukuru w'urwego rujejwe kugwanira mu kirere mu 1972.

Intwari y'igihugu

Ariko mu mabanga yo mu kibanza c'umuyobozi w'urwego rwa gisirikare rurwanira mu kirere akongera akaba umwunganizi w'umushikiranganji wo kwivuna abansi, niho yamenyekaniye cane.

Mubarak niwe yababaye kizigenza mu gutegura igitero kitari citezwe ku nteko za Israyeli catanguje ingwano hagati y'abarabu n'abanyisrayeli mu 1973.

Ico gitero cabaye ku musi mukuru mweranda wo mu kirangamisi c'idini ry'abayahudi bita Yom Kippur.

Mubarak yabaye intwari ku gihugu kubera uruhara yagize ku bitero yatanguje mu karere ka Suez.

Uburusiya na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika vyabaye ibihugu bikomeye muri iyo ntambara, kimwe cose kigashigikira ico bifitaniye ubucuti. Israeli yarasubije inyuma ico gitero; ariko isa n'iyihebeye akarere ka Sinai igihugu ca Misiri.

Icegera c'umukuru w'igihugu

Agashimwe ka Mubarak kabonetse inyuma y'imyaka 2, igihe umukuru w'igihugu Sadat Anwar yamugira icegera c'umukuru w'igihugu.

Sadat yari umuhinga muvyo yise gushira mungiro amategeko mpuzamakungu ababaje twokwita "electric shock".

Yirukanye abahanuzi ibihumbi 16 bavuye mu cahoze ari Leta y'abasoviete, agenda i Yelusalemu mugihe bari bakiri mu ngwano, yongera yanka no kubonana n'abayobozi bo muri Arabiya Saudite.

Mubarak yagumye yitaho ibibazo vyo mu gihugu ciwe, ariko yongera agira imigenderanire iciye ku kugira ubugenzi n'abayobozi nkawe bo mu gisata c'abarabu - na cane cane umuganwa samuragwa wo muri Arabiya Saoudite Fahd.

Ntiyari ashigikiye amasezerano y'amahoro yo mu 1979 bitiriye Camp David - yashizweko igikumu na Sadat hamwe n'umushikiranganji wa mbere wa Israeli Menachem Begin.

Ayo masezerano yaracanishijemwo cane ibihugu bigize umuryango w'abarabu kw'isi. Mubarak yidogeye Sadat ko yananiwe gukinga ngo imigenderanire n'abagenzi badakaze cane ntiyononekare, hamwe n'uko imigwi igendera mu murongo ukaze yobona ko isa n'iyadandajwe.

Mu kwezi kw'10 mu 1981, abasirikare bari bashigikiye uyo mugwi baragandaguye Sadat mugihe c'ibirori vyo guhimbaza intsinzi y'ingwano yabaye 1973 ku matati y'ibihugu vy'abarabu na Israyeli.

Abo bicanyi bagiye mu mugwi w'abantu, wari uhagaze mu kubamfu kw'umukuru w'igihugu. Vyibazwa ko bari mu bari mu bikino, bahaguruka kugira babaramutse.

Babateye amagrenade bongera barasa ikivunga mu mugwi w'abantu bakoresheje inkoho bita AK-47. Sadat yitavye Imana inyuma y'amasaha 2 yashikanywe mu bitaro. Hosni Mubarak yabaye mu bakomeretse.

Amahoro adashemeye

Mubarak yamusubiriye mu biro vy'umukuru w'igihugu, yaronse amajwi 98% mu matora yo kumwemera canke ku muhakana - yari yitojemwo wenyene.

Yiyemeje kwubahiriza amasezerano bitiriye Camp David, ariko Israyeli ntiyari imunezererewe nko ku gihe ca Sadat. Abagize ico bavuga kuri ayo masezerano bavuzeko adashemeye ''cold peace'' mu congereza.

Ibihugu vya Misiri na Arabiya Saudite - arivyo bigizwe n'abarabu benshi kandi bikaba ibihugu bitunze cane - navyo nyene vyarakurikiye inteko zanka ko ubutegetsi bwa Ayatolah Khomein bukomera muri Irani.

Misiri yarakuwe mw'ishirahamwe ry'ibihugu vy'abarabu mu 1979 - isubira kwemeregwa kugaruka muri iryo shirahamwe, ryongeye rikagarukana ibiro bikuru vyaryo mu gihugu uruzi Nile rwisuka ari rwinshi.

Mubarak yigishijwe muri kaminuza ya kisirikare co muri Leta zunze ubumwe za gisoviyeti kandi yavuga ikirusiya, ariko yagize imigenderanire ikomeye n'ibihugu vya Bulaya.

Uruhara rwiwe rudasanzwe mu mugambi w'amasezerano y'amahoro hagati ya Israely na Palestina wakomeje imigenderanire myiza hagati yiwe n'abakuru b'ibihugu bagiye barakurikirana ba Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, bongera bakamuha imfashanyo z'amafranga aharugwa mu miliyaridi y'amadollar.

Abatavugarumwe rumwe nawe bamwagiriza kuba igikoresho ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, gufunga no gusinzikariza ubuzima abatavuga rumwe na Leta hamwe no guhirika ivyavuye mu matora.

Yarakomeje inteko za gisirikare hagati mu gihugu, yongera atesha uguhakwa kwicwa kwiwe incuro 6 mu buzima bwiwe - arakira igikomere c'umwicanyi yamucumitse intambi ku kivuko ca Said.

Ingwano yo mu kigobe c'abarabu

Ukuntu Irak yigaruriye Kuweit mu 1991, vyabaye igikomere kuri Mubarak yari yemerewe na Suddam Hussein ko atateguye ikintu nk'ico.

Mugihe yari ashigikiye ibihano ku nyishu iva ku rwego mpuzamakungu, Mubarak yaratabarije igisirikare co gushigikirana kugira bateshe umuyobozi wa Irak.

Saddam yarasavye gukuraho leta ya Misiri ariko itabagwa n'amafranga aharugwa mu miliyaridi y'amadollare y'ingurane za Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika na hamwe n'ayandi mashirahamwe mpuzamakungu atanga ingurane.

Inyma y'imyaka 10, Mubarak yaranse gushigikira inteko zirongowe na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zateye muri Irak mu 2003.

Yavuze ko bishobora gutuma habaho abantu nka Ben Laden 100 yongera avugako ashigikiye ko haba amasezrerano ku matati ari hagati Israeli na Palestina aba ariyo kizigenza mu karere.

Yasubiye gutorwa mu matora yo kumwemera canke kumuhakana bita referendum atagiramwo abo batavugarumwe muri politike mu 1987, 1983 no mu 1999.

Harabaye amatora aciye ku migambwe myinshi mu 2005 ariko uburyo inteko za leta zijejwe umutekano zitunganijwe hamwe n'uburyo amatora yatunganywa vyagumye mu minwe ya Mubarak.

Yarashoboye guhimiriza abafise imitahe bo hanze kuyizana mu gihugu, naho umusaruro wayo utashoboye gushikira abanyagihugu bawukeneye.

Hari amakuru yavugako umuryango wa Mubarak warutunze amafranga angana na miliyaridi 50 z'amafrnga y'abongereza.

Arab Spring Ugukura ubutegetsi mu bihugu vya Afrika ya ruguru

In January 2011, Egypt erupted. There were weeks of demonstrations by protesters frustrated by poverty, corruption, unemployment and autocratic rule.

Mu kwezi kwa mbere mu 2011, igihugu ca Misiri catembagaje ubutegetsi. Habaye imyiyerekano yamaze indwi nyinshi, abantu bidogera ubukene, ubunyonyezi bw'igihugu, ubukene bw'akazi hamwe n'amategeko ahagaze ku gacinyizo.

Kuba yari yaremeye ko atazosubira kwitoza mu kibanza c'umukuru w'igihugu mu kiringo kigira gatanu vyonyene ntivyari bikwiye. Inyuma y'imisi 18, yarashitse aho bitagishoboka, yemera gutanga imihoho.

Inyuma y'amezi 4 gusa, Mubarak yari akwitse n'amagara yategetswe kwitaba ubutungane. Aryamye ku gitanda co kwa muganga, yaragirijwe ivyaha vy'ubunyonyezi hamwe n'ukwica abari mu myiyerekano vyateguwe.

Umugwi w'abashingwamanza wamuburanira ubwambere wemezako akiri mu mabanga yo gutwara umukuru w'igihugu ca Misiri kandi adashobora kwitaba sentare.

Mu kwezi kwa 6 mu 2012, Mubarak yaciriwe gufungwa ubuzima bwiwe bwose kubera atashoboye guhagarika ubwicanyi bw'abari mu myiyerekano - ariko arezwa ku bindi vyaha. Iyo ngingo yakuruye imyiyerekano mu mabarabara ya Kayiro.

Inyuma y'amezi 6, urubanza yakatiwe rwarafuswe, ategekwa gusubira muri sentare. Yahavuye afungishwa ijisho mu bitaro vya gisirikare i Kayero.

Mu manza zakurikiranye, Mubarak yarejejwe ku vyaha bijanye n'ubunyonyezi ariko akatirwa ku kwiyitirira amatungo ya Leta.

Mu 2017, Sentare nkuru yo mu gihugu ca Misiri yahavuye imweza ku bicanyi bw'abari mu migumuko - kandi yongera ararekurwa.

Mu myaka 30 yamaze ku butegetsi, Misiri cagumye ari igihugu kiri mu mutuzo. Ariko benshi barafunzwe atarubanza rubaye kandi barasinzikarizwa ubuzima.

Mu makungu, Mubarak yagumye afise politike yo hanze itesha amatati yo mu kerere, ariko mu gihugu ciwe intwaro yiwe yaranzwe n'agacinyizo gakakaye.