Yadda Amurka ta mayar da mashigar ruwa ga al'ummar Panama

Ranar 31 ga watan Disamban 1999. Tutar Amurka ta sauka, inda ita kuma ta Panama ta ɗaga ta kuma filfila a matsayin alama ɗaya tilo ta yankin mashigar ruwan a karon farko. Ƴan Panama da ke wurin sun yi murna.

Faruwar hakan ce ta kawo ƙarshen tashin hankali da kisa da zanga-zanga.

"Abun sha'awa ne ganin yadda al'ummar Panama suka mayar da martani a lokacin," in ji Roberto Aleman Zubieta wanda shi ne kantoman mulki a mashigar ruwan ta Panama na shekaru da dama, kamar yadda ya shaida wa BBC.

Shekaru 25 bayan nan, cin gashin kan yankin da ya zamo wata hanyar ruwa ga al'ummar duniya ya kankane manyan kafafen watsa labarai bayan wasu maganganu masu cike da taƙaddama da zaɓaɓɓen shugaban Amurka, Donald Trump ya yi.

"An zambace mu," in ji Trump a baya-bayan nan, inda yake nuni da kuɗin da aka nemi jiragen Amurka na ruwa su biya kafin amfani da mashigar ruwan

Trump ya yi nuni da cewa idan ba a samu sauyi ba, "za su nemi cewa mashigar ta Panama ta koma hannun Amurka baki ɗaya , cikin hanzari ba tare da yin tambayoyi ba."

A wata sanarwa a kafafen sada zumunta yayin wani martani, shugaban Panama, Jose Raul Mulino ya ce " kowane taƙi na mashigar zai ci gaba da kasancewa mallakar Panama."

Yaya aka yi har aka kawo ga nan?

Yaƙin basasa da damar da ke tare da shi

Buƙatar gina hanya da ke haɗa tekun Pacific zuwa Tekun Atlantic ya daɗe da zama wani abun damuwa ga Turawa da ke zaune a yankin tun ƙarni na 16.

A wannan lokacin, hanya ɗaya tilo ga tekunan kudanci ita ce ta mashigar ruwa ta Strait of Magellan, da ke kudancin ƙasar Chile kuma hakan na nufin tafiya mai dogon zango da kuma fuskantar yanayi mai ƙalubale a tibirin Cape Horn.

Shiga ta zirin ithmus of Panama wanda a lokacin yana ƙarƙashin Columbia shi ne abu na farko da aka fara yin gwaji a karni na 19. Bogota ya amince da gina mashigar ruwan ga Ferdinand de Lesseps, wani injiniya ɗan Faransa da ya gina mashigar ruwa ta Suez Canal da ke Misra.

To sai dai kuma cutukan da ke shafar ma'aikatan, waɗanda bayi ne daga Afirka, tururin yankin da yawaitar ruwan sama da ya janyo aikin ya tsaya saboda ƙarewar kuɗin aiki.

A nan ne kuma sha'awar Amurka ta mosta dangane da sufurin na ruwa.

A lokacin, Columbia na farfaɗowa daga yaƙin basasa da ya janyo dubban jama'a suka mutu da kuma tsanain tashin hankali na siyasa da ya janyo Panama ta samu ƴancin kai.

Amurka a lokacin na tashe a matsayin ƙasa mai ƙrfi a duniya wadda ta kame iko da Puerto Rico da Cuba sannan ta yi amfani da rikicin cikin gida da Columbia ke fuskanta da wata dama: A nan ne Amurkar ta yi tayin bayar da dala miliyan 40 domin samun damar gina mashigar ruwan.

Wannan ne ya samar da cimma yarjejeniyar Herrán-Hay Treaty tsakanin Columbia da Amurka wadda ta gindaya sharuɗɗan gina mashigar.

Al'amari ne mai sarƙaƙaƙiya inda a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, gwamnatin Columbia ta sanar da cewa ta yi watsi da yarjejeniyar bisa dalilin cewa yarjejeniyar ta karya ƴancinta na ƙasa.

A wannan lokacin ne Panama - wadda a lokacin wani ɓangare ne na Columbia - ta yi watsi da yarjejeniyar sannan bisa tallafin Amurka Panama ta samu ƴancin kai a ranar 3 ga Nuwamban 1903.

Samun rabuwar kai

Bayan samun ƴancin kan Panama, ƙsashen guda biyu sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty wadda ta tabbatar da ƴancin kan Panama, inda ita kuma Panama ta bai wa Amurka cikakkiyar damar aikin mashigar ruwan ta Panama. Panama za ta karɓi diyyar dala miliyan 10 a matsayin kuɗin fansa.

Bayan kammala aikin a 1913, jirgin ruwa mai hayaƙi da ake kira Ancon ya kasance jirgi na farko da ya yi tafiya a mashigar, domin kaddamar da mashigar ga duniya.

To sai dai rikici dandanan ya ɓarke. Ƙasar ta rabu gida biyu. Dubban Amurkawa da iyalansu suna zaune a wani yanki ƙarƙashin dokokinsu inda suke aiki a mashigar, wadda aka ƙadamar a hukumance a 1914.

Mazauna yankin da ake kira da "zonians" sun zauna ba tare da yin alaƙa da al'ummar Panama ba waɗanda ba za su iya samun damar shiga yankin ba ba tare da izini na musamman ba.

Ƙyashin da al'ummar Panama ke da shi ya ƙaru kuma ya janyo jerin zanga-zangar neman kawo ƙarshen zaman Amurka a Panama da kuma mayar wa da Panama mashigar ruwan.

A shekarar 1958, aka ƙaddamar da yunƙurin samun ƴancin kai na Operation Sovereignity, da wata ƙunigyar ɗaliban jami'a da suka kakkafa tutocin Panama 75 cikin lumana a yankin da ya kamata ya zama na Amurka.

Ranar Shahidai

Abubuwna da suka faru sun janyo jerin zanga-zanga a shekarun da suka biyo baya.

Tattaunawa ta haddasa cimma yarjejeniya a 1962 tsakanin shugaban Panama, Roberto Chiari da shugaban Amurka na lokacin John F. Kennedy, wadda ta samar da kafa tutocin ƙasashen biyu a yankunan mashigar ruwan.

To sai dai, a ranar 1 ga watan janairu, ranar da ya kamata yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki - waɗanda ke zaune a yankin mashigar ruwan suka yi watsi da umarnin gwamnan yankin sannan suka ƙi filfila tutar Panama.

A ranar 9 ga watan Janairu ne kuma gomman ɗalibai daga kwalejin National Insitute ta Panama suka je yankin mashigar ruwan ɗauke da tutar makarantar tasu, inda suke buƙatar da a kafa tutar a wata makarantar sakandire da ke Balboa.

To sai dai wasu ƴansandan Amurka sun dakatar da su, inda taho-mu-gamar ya janyo mutuwar masu zanga-zangar fiye da 20 da ɗaruruwan da suka samu rauni tare da walaƙanta tutar Panama a wani yanayin da aka ayyana a matsayin ranar Shahidai.

Shugaban Panama na lokacin Roberto Chiari ya mayar da martani ta hanyar katse alaƙar diflomasiyya da Amurka har zuwa lokacin da aka cimma sabuwar yarjejeniya tsakanin ƙasashen biyu.

Da dama masu sharhi na kallon faruwar abin da cewa shi ne babban dalilin da ya janyo aka mayar wa al'ummar Panama da mashigar ruwantasu shekaru 35 bayan iko da ita.

Yarjejeniyar Torrijos-Carter

To sai dai kuma a ƙarƙashin shugaba Richard Nixon an cimma wata yarjejeniya tsakanin Panama da Amurka inda Sakataren harkokin waje na Amurka, Henry Kessinger da na Panama, Juan Antonio Tack suka rattaɓa wa hannu.

Wannan ne kuma ya samar da tsarin da ake buƙata wajen cimma yarjejeniyar ta ƙarshe dangane da makomar Panama da ka iya karɓuwa tsakanin ɓangarorin biyu.

Akwai buƙatar maye gurbin yarjejeniyar Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty, wadda ta bai wa Amurka ƴancin mashigar ruwan ta Panama da kuma iko kan wasu sassan Panama.

Wannan ne jigon yarjejeniyar da aka rattaɓa wa hannu tsakanin shugaban Amurka Jimmy Carter da kwamandan askarawan Panama, Omar Torrijos a ranar 7 ga watan Satumban 1977.

yarjejeniyar ta amince da cewa ƴancin yankin na mashigar ruwan ya dogara ne ga dokokin Panama sannan aka fitar da wata rana da za a mayar da ikon mallakar mashigar ga Panama: Ranar 31 ga watan Disamban 1999.

Cater ya ce, ta hanyar mayar da mashigar ga al'ummar Panama, Amurkawa sun nuna cewa "ƙasarsu ce mafi ƙarfin iko a duniya, muna da ikon yin abubuwa bisa adalci da karamci ta hanyar samar wa ƙaramar ƙasa ƴanci."

Bikin mayar da mashigar ruwa ta Panama

Bayan wani lokaci, ƴan kwanaki kafin cikar ƙarni, hukumomi daga ƙasashen duniya suka hallara a Panama domin taya al'ummar Panama murnar cikar mafarkinsu. Jimmy Carter shi ma ya halarci wannan bikin.

A lokacin ne shugaban Panama Mireya Moscoso ya ɗaga tutar Panama a ginin sakatariyar mashigar ruwan inda a nan ne aka ƙulle bakin yarjejeniyar.

"Panama, mashigar mallakar ƴan Panama ce," in ji shugaban kamar yadda ya faɗa a rana. "Panama ta samu cikakken ƴancin cin gashin kai."