Daga ina Hezbollah ke samun kuɗaɗenta?

Hanyar da ƙungiyar mayakan Hezbollah na Lebanon ke samun kuɗaɗenta na sake fuskantar sabbin nazari, bayan wani harin sama da Israi'la ta kai a ƙarshen shekarar da ta gabata kan wata ƙungiyar hada-hadar kuɗi da ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyar.

Ƙungiyar Hezbollah ita ce runduna mafi karfi a Lebanon, kuma jam'iyyar siyasa ce na musulmai ƴan Shia mai karfin faɗa a ji.

Ƙungiyar na da karfi a majalisar Lebanon da gwamnati.

Isra'ila da wasu ƙasashen yamma da dama sun ayyana Hezbollah a matsayin kungiyar ta'addanci.

Ƙungiyar ta shahara ne a shekarun 1980 domin adawa da Isra'ila, wanda dakarunta su ka mamaye kudancin Lebanon lokacin yaƙin basasar ƙasar a 1975 zuwa 1990.

A watan Oktoba, dakarun IDF na Israila sun kai hari kan rassa daban daban na Al Qard Al Hassan (AQAH), su na zargin kungiyar Hezbollah da fakewa da ƙungiyar domin samun kuɗaɗen gudanar da ayyukansu.

AQAH ta musanta hakan, inda ta jaddada cewa kungiyar hada hadar kudin ta farar hula ce da ta ke bai wa mutanen da ke bukata kananan basusuka.

Fiye da watanni biyu da aka shafe ana faɗa tsakanin Hezbollah da Isra'ila a Lebanon a 2024 ya janyo lalata wurare daban daban da kungiyar da Iran ke marawa baya ke da ƙarfi.

Faɗar ta kawo karshe ne da yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta wanda aka soma a watan Nuwamba sakamakon rushewar gwamnatin Assad a makwabiciya Syria.

Waɗannan abubuwa ka iya yin gagarumin tasiri kan samun kuɗin Hezbollah da kuma samun kayyaykin soji.

BBC News Arabic assesses what is known about Hezbollah's main sources of income as well as its financial networks in Lebanon and globally.

Sashen larabci na BBC ya tantance abin da aka sani kan manyan hanyoyin samun kuɗin Hezbollah da kuma

Alaƙarta da Iran

A shekarar 2022, ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka yta kiyasta cewa Iran na samar wa Hezbollah aƙalla dala miliyan 700 duk shekara.

Jagoran Hezbollah marigayi Hassan Nasrallah, wanda aka kashe a wani harin sama na Isra'ila a Satumban 2024, a wani jawabinsa a 2016 ya yi alfahari da cewa babbar hanyan samun kuɗin ƙungiyar daga Iran ne. Sai dai bai ambaci adadin kudin ba.

'' Kasafin kuɗin mu da albashinmu da ƙuɗaɗen kashewa da abinci da ruwa da makamai da makamai masu linzami na zuwa ne daga Iran'' in ji shi.

Iran na baiwa Hezbollah kuɗaɗe ta hanyar Rundunar juyin juya hali na ƙasar Iran (IRGC) wadda ta taimaka wajen kafa ƙungiyar a shekarun 1980.

IRCG ce kuma babbar hanyar samar wa Hezbollah makamai, ciki har da makamai masu linzami da jirage maras matuƙa.

Duka da dai kuɗaɗen da Iran ke basu ne shi ne kaso mafi girma na kasafin kuɗin Hezbollah a baya, ƙungiyar na kara dogaro da wasu hanyoyin, a cewar Hanin Ghaddar,

'' Saboda takunkuman da ke kan Iran, ya kai wani lokaci da Iran ba ta iya aika wannan adadin kuɗin ga Hezbollah,'' in ji Ghaddar.

Ƙungiyar da cike giɓin kuɗaɗen ta take samu daga Iran da wasu haramtattun ayyuka, ciki har da halasta kudin haram, a cewar Matthew Levitt, marubucin littafin ''Hezbollah.

Al-Qard Al-Hassan

AQAH na ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da ake zargi da halastawa Hezbollah kuɗaɗen haram.

Kafin hare haren sama na Isra'ila kan ofisoshinsu a ranar 20 ga watan Oktoba, ƙungiyar na da fiye da rassa 30 wanda a lokuta da dama ofishin na ginin ƙasa na ginin gidajen zama.

Ƙungiyar na bai wa mutane ƙasanan basuka wanda ba riba a dala, bayan sun bayar da zinare ko wani wanda zai tsaya musu, kuma sun buɗe asusun ajiyan kuɗi.

A cikin wani jawabinsa a 2021, Nasrallah ya ce AQAH sun samar da basusukan dala biliyan 3.7 ga mutane miliyan 1.8 a Lebanon tun da aka kafa ta a farkon shekarun 1980, kuma aƙalla mutane 300,000 ne aka bai wa bashi a lokacin.

" Bankin ba shi da niyyar samun riba. Ya na bayar da tallafin kuɗi ne musamman ga mutanen da ke ƙasar ," a cewar Joseph Daher, malami kuma marubucin littafin 'Hezbollah: The Political Economy of Lebanon's Party of God'.

" Sai dai akwai yiwuwar su na halastawa Hezbollah kuɗin haram," In ji Daher.

Jim kaɗan bayan kai hari kan AQAH, Isra'ila ta zargi Hezbollah da amfani da cibyar hada hadar kuɗin wajen "samarwa ayyukan ta'addancinta kuɗaɗe".

Amurka ta kuma ƙaƙaba takunkumai kan ƙungiyar a 2007 a lokacin da hukumomi a Amurkan su ka ce Hezbollah na amfani da kungiyar a matsayin mafaka kan ayyukan kuɗaɗensu kuma su samu damar shiga tsarin hada hadar kuɗaɗen kasashen duniya.

Martanin AQAH

AQAH ta mayar da martani ga BBC kan ikirarin da akeyi na cewa ta na da alaƙa da Hezbollah, inda ta jaddada cewa ita ba ɓangaren samar da kudi ga ƙungiyar mayakan ba ce kuma ta musanta zargin halasta kuɗin haram.

Ƙungiyar ta ce tana cikin tsarin Hezoballah mai faɗi, inda ta mayar da hankali kan ayyukan jin ƙai da ayyukan taimakawa jama'a, ba wai hada-hadar kuɗi ba ko zuba jari.

AQAH ta jaddada cewa ba su da wata alaƙa da ƙugiyoyin ƙasashen waje ko gwamnati, cikin har da Iran.

Ƙungiyar ta nanata kudirinta na yin komai a bayyane da kuma mayar da hankali kan ayyukan jin ƙai, inda ta ce waɗannan batutuwan rashin fahimta ce kan ayyukanta.

Masu kutse na Spiderz

Rahotanni sun nuna cewa a watan Disamban 2020, wata ƙungiyar masu kutse mai suna SpiderZ ta kutsa cikin asusun kungiyar, inda suka bankado bayanai masu muhimmanci kaman jerin masu aro da masu ajiyar kudi da kuma hoton bidiyon kyamarorin tsaro daga wasu rassan su.

Gidauniyar kare Dimokraɗiyya (FDD) da ke birnin Washington ta ce bayanan da aka samu bayan kutsen na nuna AQAH na kula da fiye da asusun ajiya 400,000, wanda dayawa daga cikinsu, kamar yadda su kayi ikirari, na da alaƙa da Hezbollah da Iran.

Gidauniyar FDD ta ce ba ta karɓar tallafi daga wata gwamnati kuma ta bayyana kanta a matsayin wadda ba ta ɓangaranci. Sai dai ta na kallon Iran da Hezbollah a matsayin barazana ga Amurka da kawayenta.

Wani asusun ajiyar mai suna "Vali al-Faqih," ana zargin na ofishin jagoran addini na Iran Ayatollah Ali Khamenei ne.

Cibiyoyi da ke da alaƙa da Khamenei kamar ƙungiyar Lebanon na Martyrs Foundation na da asusun ajiya da AQAH, kamar yadda FDD ta ruwaito.

AQAH ta tabbatar da samun kutse na ɗan gajeren lokaci a 2020, amma ta musanta ayyukanta da aka bayyana da kuma bayyana sunayen wasu daga cikin kwastomominta.

A lokacin da aka yi mata tambaya, AQAH ba ta amince ko musantawa BBC ba ko ta na kula da asusun ajiyan da ke da alaƙa da Ali Khamenei.

Sai dai ta ce duk wanda ke cikin Lebanon na iya samun asusu, cikin har da asusun karbar gudunmawa.

Ta kuma shaidawa BBC cewa ta na da alaƙa mai kyau da Kungiyar Lebanon wato Martyrs Foundation, saboda a cewar ta, gidauniyar ɓangare ne na ayyukan taimakon jama'a da Hezbollah ke yi.

AQAH ta ce ba ta harka da cibiyoyin hada-hadar kuɗi daga waje kuma ba ta karɓar kuɗaɗe daga ƙasashen waje.

AQAH ta kuma bayyana cewa duk wani mazaunin Lebanon zai iya amfana da basukan da ta ke bayarwa, hakazalika, duk mazaunin Lebanan zai iya buɗe asusun ajiya kuma a ajiye kudi ciki ''saboda ayyukan sadaka ko na addini''.

Alaƙar ta da Afirka

A cewar FDD, bayanan da aka samun bayan kutsen 2020 na nuna AQAH na da asusun ajiya ne mutanen da ba sa Lebanon, cikin har da Afirka da kudancin Amurka.

" Hezbollah na da abokan kasuwanci dayawa a ƙasashen Afirka da dama,'' Inji Ghaddar.

'' Su na da hannu a masana'antu da dama ciki har da na Lu'u Lu'u da kuma kasuwancin zane zane, in ji ta.

A 2019, baitul malin Amurka ta sanyawa Nazem Said Ahmad takunkumi, ta na zarginsa da kasancewa '' ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu bai wa Hezbollah taimako''.

Hukumomin Amurka sun kuma ce Ahmad na da daɗaɗiyar alaƙa da cikikayyar lu'u-lu'u.

Ba a san inda ya ke ba a yanzu.

Alaƙar Latin Amurka

Ana kuma zargin Hezbollah na samun kuɗi ta hanyar safarar ƙwayoyin a yankin Latin Amurka.

A cewar masu binciken kwakwaf a Venezuela a 2011, sun bankado wani shirin safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi da halasta kuɗin haram na miliyoyin daloli, a cewar wani rahoton wata cibiyar MDD.

Shirin na Hezbollah na da alaƙa da Colombia da ƙungiyar mayaƙan the Farc, da kuma babban kungiyar safarar ƙwayoyi na Venezuela, a cewar cibiyar Majalisar ɗinkin duniya kan binciken laifuka da adalci a yakuna (Unicri).

Ƙungiyar ta yi ƙarfi a iyakar ƙasashen Brazil da Argentina da kuma Paraguay, kamar yadda Unicri ta ruwaito.

A gwamman shekaru da su ka gabata, baitul malin Amurka ya kuma sanya wa mutane da kasuwanci da dama takunkumai a ƙasashen, su na zarginsu da goyon bayan hanyoyin samun kuɗin Hezbollah.

Hassan Moukalled, ɗan kasuwa daga Lebanon da Amurka ta sanyawa takunkumi a 2023, ya ce waɗannan takunkuman Amurkan na siyasa ne.

" Manufar ta ainihi ita ce gurgunta tushen tattalin arziƙin Hezbollah, su kuma daƙile duk wani hanya da za su samu a madadin samfurin tattalin arzikin da Amurka ke goyawa baya a yankin. Moukalled ya shaidawa sashen larabci na BBC.

Kwantiragi da Fasa Kwauri da Kirifto

Rahotannin sun kuma nuna cewa Hezbollah na samun kuɗaɗen ta ta wasu hanyoyin daban.

'' Ƙungiyar ta yi kokarin samun kuɗaɗe masu yawa ta hanyar ɓangaren kiwon lafiya, ilimi da ma wasu ɓangarorin a Lebanon," Leveitt, marubucin 'Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God, ya shaidawa sashen Larabci na BBC.

Hezbollah na amfani da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyar domin nema da kuma samun kwantiragi, inji wata takardar da Chatham House da ke Landan ta fitar a 2021.

Har ila yau binciken na kuma nuna cewa Hezbollah ta samu aƙalla dala miliyan 300 duk wata ta hanyar safarar man disil kan iyaka da Syria kafin a hamɓarar da tsohon shugaban Syria Bashar al-Assad a Disamban 2024.

A gefe guda kuma binciken kwakwaf na BBC a shekarar 2023 ya alaƙanta ƙungiyar da kasuwancin kwayar Captagon na biliyoyin daloli.

Shekaru biyu kafin nan, Hezbolla ta yi watsi da zargin ta na da hannu a samar da kwayar, inda ta ce ''labarin karya ne''

A watan Yunin 2023, Ministan tsaron Isra'ila Yoav Galant ya sanar da ƙwace karon farko na kuɗaɗen kirifto da ake zargin na da alaƙa da Hezbollah.

Hukumar daƙile samar wa ƴan ta'adda kudade ta kwace kusan dala miliyan 1.7 na kuɗin kirifto na Tron, wasu daga ciki Galant ya ce na Hezbollah ne da kuma dakarun Quds na Iran.

A watan Nuamban 2023, Reuters ta ruwaito Hayward Wong, ya na shaidawa kafar dillanci labaran cewa dukkanin fasahohi ana iya amfani da su ta hanyoyin da basu dace ba.

Wong ya buga misali da amfani da dalar Amurka wajen halasta kuɗaɗen haram.

Ya ce Tron ba shida iko kan masu amfani da fasaharsa kuma ba shi da alaƙa da ƙungiyar da Isra'ila ta ambata.

Bayan shekara ɗaya, baitul malin Amurka ta ƙaƙabawa wani mai chanjin kuɗi a Lebanon takunkumi, ta na zarginsa da samarwa Hezbollah asusun ajiyar kuɗaɗen kirifto domin karbar kuɗaɗe daga kuɗin mai daga Iran.

Hezbollah ba ta bai wa sashen labarci na BBC amsa ba kan buƙatarta na yi tsokacin kan wannan maƙalar.