Cambodia's influential former PM Hun Sen has said Cambodian forces retaliated against Thailand in attacks "last night and this morning", claiming that they had been "patient for more than 24 hours in order to respect the ceasefire".

"Our forces must fight at all points that the enemy has attacked," Hun Sen has said on Facebook.

According to Phnom Penh's defence ministry, Thai forces fired into the border province of Banteay Meanchey after midnight on Tuesday, killing two civilians who were travelling on the national road.

Four Cambodian civilians died in Thai shelling in Preah Vihear and Oddar Meanchey on Monday, Phnom Penh's information minister Neth Pheaktra tells AFP.

Both sides have each accused the other of starting the violence, with Thailand saying it troops had responded to Cambodian fire in Thailand's Ubon Ratchathani Province, including by launching air strikes along the disputed border; while Phnom Penh's defence ministry said it was the Thai forces that attacked first, in Cambodia's Preah Vihear province.

We are continuing our coverage of renewed border clashes between Thailand and Cambodia.

The number of deaths has increased overnight, with Cambodia saying that two more civilians were killed in Thai artillery fire, bringing the toll up to six. Thailand had earlier reported that one soldier has been killed.

Both sides have continued blaming the other, in the most serious confrontation between both countries since they agreed to a ceasefire in July.

Stay with us as we bring you the latest updates from our team in Thailand.

Thousands of people on the Thailand-Cambodia border have been displaced by fresh fighting that underscored deep divisions between the South East Asian neighbours.

The fighting left a Thai soldier and four Cambodian civilians killed in the most serious escalation since July, when five days of clashes killed dozens of people.

Monday's fighting tested a peace agreement first brokered by Malaysian Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim in July, and signed in the presence of US President Donald Trump in October.

Here's a recap of the latest events:

• Thailand's military said it launched air strikes in response to Cambodia's attack yesterday on Thai soldiers who were securing an engineering project
• The fighting struck fear in border communities who sought cover from gunfire while contemplating whether they should again move to safer ground in the shelters

• Thai PM Anutin Charnvirakul said he would "use necessary means to preserve (Thailand's) sovereignty" as former Cambodian PM Hun Sen said Thai "invaders" had provoked his forces to retaliate
• Anwar has called for restraint while there has been no statement from Trump
• Despite peace efforts, there remains a high level of mistrust between both sides and historial differences remain unresolved, our South East Asia correspondent Jonathan Head writes

We are pausing our live coverage. Thank you for joining us. Read more about the human cost of today's fighting here.

Panisha Aemocha
BBC Thai

Image source, Reuters

Border communities live in constant fear as tensions between Thailand and Cambodia flare up yet again.

Families worry about their safety, businesses are disrupted, schools and hospitals closed and the repeated evacuations have left many feeling helpless.

One resident in Thailand's Si Sa Ket province tells BBC Thai, "it's truly an agony - I was worried all the time".

Pranee Ra-ngabpai explains that their farm and home are close to where the clashes took place and they could "hear the gunshots very clearly".

"When villagers went out to tap the rubber at night, we were scared," Ra-ngabpai says, adding that people are "unhappy" with how the goverment keeps pausing operations, and the constant evacuations every time there are clashes.

"It affects our way of life."

Here is a quick look at the two South East Asian nation's military capabilities, including their total personnel and budget.

As seen in the graphic below, Thailand's military is significantly bigger than that of Cambodia.

Panisa Aemocha
BBC Thai

At least three hospitals in Thailand's Ubon Ratchathani province, located near the border with Cambodia, have shut following the latest clashes.

Authorities say evacuated residents are being redirected to temporary outpatient facilities set up to handle the overflow.

Pranee Ra-ngabpai, a resident who cares for elderly patients, tells me she is most worried about those who are bedridden or who require special equipment.

"We have a lot to consider, such as whether the evacuation site has the medical equipment and if the location is clean enough for the patient.

"Most of the time, the [evacuation] sites are not ready, so the patients usually get sent to their relatives' places," Ra-ngabpai says.

Thai Prime Minister Anutin Charnvirakul issued a statement on Monday afternoon declaring the country's "utmost commitment to defending national sovereignty and territorial integrity in accordance with international law and the legitimate right of self-defence".

Echoing Cambodia's official statements, Anutin insisted that his country "has not initiated or carried out any aggression".

"However," he added, "Thailand will not tolerate any violation of its sovereignty... and [the government] is prepared to take all necessary measures to protect national security and look after the people to the best of its ability."

The Thai government also expressed its support for people living in the border areas who have had to evacuate to temporary shelters, and has instructed all agencies to provide close attention to their well-being and safety, including shelter, food, drinking water and medical assistance.

Image source, Getty Images

The Southeast Asian (Sea) Games will kick off today in Bangkok, even as uncertainty pervades both sides of the Thai-Cambodian border.

The border dispute has affected the biennial sporting event, with the participation of Cambodian athletes coming under scrutiny.

In July, Thai authorities said it was considering a ban on Cambodian athletes from the games, citing security concerns after deadly border clashes.

The chief of the Sea Games Federation said it was not up to Thailand to ban Cambodia from competing - but Cambodian athletes remain in the spotlight as political tensions ratcheted up in recent weeks.

Last month, Cambodia withdrew from eight events and cut its contingent from more than 300 athletes to 150, citing safety concerns.

Paweena Ninbut
BBC Thai

While Sutian Pewchan’s family evacuated to a shelter, the 49-year-old agricultural worker chose to remain in his village in Thailand's Si Sa Ket province.

He tells BBC Thai that residents in his neighborhood are worried about looting, so he volunteered to guard his neighbours’ homes and tend to their livestock.

“I chose to stay to protect the property because the villagers are afraid of looting,” he says, adding that gunfire has been heard since early morning.

Pewchan says he didn't hear any fighting overnight and thought it "would die down as it hadn't fully erupted yet".

But he adds that when he woke up at around 07:00 local time, he "heard gunshots continuously until just now".

The first question he says his oldest daughter - who is 13 years old - asked him was:"'Are they going to fight again?'"

This video shows a man in Thailand and dog are taking shelter as gunshots are heard outside.

Tens of thousands of people in both countries have been evacuated from areas along the border since the renewed fighting.

Four Cambodian civilians have been killed and nine injured, according to Cambodia's minister of information, Neth Pheaktra.

The deaths are reportedly in Cambodia's northern border provinces of Preah Vihear and Oddar Meanchey.

Tens of thousands have also been displaced, Pheaktra said in a post on his official Facebook page.

Image source, Getty Images

It started with a phone call meant to calm rising border tensions, and ended with the downfall of one of Thailand's most powerful political dynasties.

In June, Thailand's then-prime minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra found herself the target of heated public backlash after her phone call with Cambodia's former strongman leader Hun Sen was leaked.

The Shinawatras and Hun Sen enjoyed famously a close friendship.

In the audio clip, leaked by Hun Sen himself, Paetongtarn can be heard calling him "uncle" and criticising a Thai military commander.

It took place against the backdrop of souring bilateral ties amid the border dispute, and Paetongtarn defended her tone as a negotiation tactic.

But the uproar it caused eventually led to her dismissal in August - weeks after deadly border clashes killed dozens of soldiers and civilians.

Paetongtarn Shinawatra ascension to Thailand's premiership in 2024 was seen as a stunning comeback for the Shinawatra dynasty - but her fall from grace has derailed the dynasty.

Image source, Cambodian Ministry of Information

Cambodia's Ministry of National Defence spokeswoman, Lieutenant General Maly Socheata has reiterated Cambodia's assertion that Thailand struck first – claiming they attacked Cambodian troops on Sunday afternoon and then again in the early hours of Monday.

Shortly before 0700 on Monday, Thailand moved on to the use of tanks, toxic gas and artillery fire – attacking both Cambodian forces and civilian locations – Socheata alleged.

The allegations of toxic gas has been made by Cambodia before but these have been proven to be unfounded.

Thailand, which said it launched air strikes on Cambodian military targets has not responded to the allegations and say it was Cambodia who attacked first.

"Throughout the entire course of the attacks, the Cambodian forces did not retaliate at all, as our forces remain strictly committed to respecting and implementing the terms of the Ceasefire Agreement," Socheata said, calling on the international community to condemn Thailand's actions and demanding that they take "full responsibility for such brazen acts of aggression".

Unicef, the UN's Children's Emergency Fund in Cambodia says it is aware of the border clashes and that children's "safety and well-being must be prioritised".

"Children must be protected at all times", Unicef Cambodia representative Dr Will Parks says.

In a statement on LinkedIn, he adds they are "closely monitoring" the situation, and working with the authorities to to serve the needs of "affected families and children".

Panisa Aemocha
BBC Thai

Image source, Siksaka Pongsuwan

With the latest round of clashes, resident Siksaka Pongsuwan on the Thai side of the border, says that people in his village have already started evacuating - with the men staying behind.

Gunfire can be heard every now and then, he tells the BBC. "If you ask whether we're scared, yes we are."

He says people living near the border are torn: "Should we leave? Will it really be safer? Or should we stay? Is that safer in its own way?"

“Villagers rely solely on the news on their phones, and they start imagining the worst. The news contradicts itself, and after a while it becomes overwhelming," he adds.

The Thai air strikes this morning have hit a Cambodian casino complex that Thai authorities say had housed drone operations.

As we reported earlier, Thai authorities say their air strikes only targeted Cambodia's military facilities.

When asked about the casino at a press conference earlier, Thai army spokesperson Winthai Suvaree said that it was a "command centre for drones".

It's unclear if there were people in the building at the time of the strike.

Cambodian authorities have not commented on this specific strike.

Along the Thailand-Cambodia border are sprawling casino complexes - many of which are hubs for scam operations, where thousands of trafficked workers forced to defraud others online.

The public health office in Thailand's Surin province has closed two hospitals due to the border clashes, the government says.

In a post on X, it names the hospitals as Phanom Dong Rak Chalerm Phra Kiat 80th Anniversary Hospital and Kap Choeng Hospital, and tells people to call the 1669 hotline if they need urgent care.

On Sunday, Surin was one of Thailand's three border provinces - along with northeastern Si Sa Ket, where the border clash occured - to be evacuated.

Image source, Getty Images

This dispute dates back more than a century, to when the borders of the two countries were drawn after the French occupation of Cambodia.

When Cambodia tried to register an 11th Century temple in the disputed area as a Unesco World Heritage Site in 2008, it was met with heated protest from Thailand.

Over the next several years, those tensions would erupt into sporadic skirmishes at the border, which killed and wounded soldiers on both sides.

This latest escalation in the conflict started in May, after a Cambodian soldier was killed in a border clash. Thailand and Cambodia hit each other with antagonistic policies, including import bans and travel restrictions.

These hostilities culminated in July, when heavy fighting led to the death of more than 40 people, including civilians living near the border.

The conflict has also brought about serious political implications.

A leaked phone call between Thailand's then-Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra and former Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen, in which she sounded deferential to him in the midst of escalating tensions, sparked heated backlash in Thailand and eventually led to her resignation.

Here's what to know about the escalating conflict along the Thai-Cambodian border:

• One Thai soldier has died and eight others are injured the Thai army says; Cambodian officials say three civilians on their side have been injured
• Each side is accusing the other of attacking first. Here's a quick timeline of the latest clashes, and a map showing where the clashes are happening
• Thailand said it launched air strikes on Cambodian military targets
• Tens of thousands of civilians on both sides of the border have been evacuated. A Thai teacher tells the BBC that the conflict has severely disrupted the lives of students living near the border

• This is the most serious confrontation between Thailand and Cambodia since they signed a ceasefire in July. Historic differences over their border remains unresolved, writes our South East Asia correspondent Jonathan Head

• Today's clashes come weeks after the two countries signed a "peace deal" presided over by US President Donald Trump. Thailand unilaterally suspended the agreement last month, but Cambodia has repeatedly maintained that it's committed to the deal
• Malaysian prime minister Anwar Ibrahim, who helped broker the ceasefire in July, has warned that the renewed clashes "risks unravelling the careful work that has gone into stabilising relations between the two neighbours"

We'll continue to bring you the latest as we get them.