Tokyo Olympics: Yadda ilimin kimiya ke taimakawa ƴan wasan motsa jiki zama gwaraza

Sauyi ne da aka samu cikin sauri a manyan wasannin motsa jiki, amma ba lallai masu kallon wasa a cikin filin gasar wasan Olympic na birnin London a gasar shekarar 2012 su lura ba.

Kamar yadda aka sani, kallon yadda Usain Bolt ke tsananin gudu don kammala gasar tseren maza na mita 100 ne ya dauke musu hankali.

Tauraron gasar na ƙasar Jamaica ya sake samun wata kyautar lambar zinari kuma ya kafa tarihi a gasar Olympics cikin daƙiƙoƙi 9.63.

"Ɗaya daga cikin gasar tsere mafi kyau da aka taɓa yi ce,'' in ji Steve Haake, Farfesan nazarin injiniyan wasanni a Jami'ar Sheffield Hallam ta Birtaniya.

Amma Haake ba yana zuga Bolt ba ne. Kalaman nasa ya yi su ne saboda ɗaukacin ƙwazon da ƴan wasan suka yi: Ɓakwai cikin 'yan wasan motsa jiki takwas da suka shiga zagayen ƙarshe sun tsallake layin a cikin kasa da daƙiƙoƙi 10 - wani abu da ba a taɓa zato ba.

Faruwar hakan a karon farko a shekarar 1968, da ratar daƙiƙoƙi 10 sun zama wani gagarumin ci gaba ga 'yan wasan tseren: bajon girmamawa da ya banbantasu da sauran abokan karawarsu.

Bayanan da aka tattara daga hukumar gasar wasan motsa jiki ta duniya World Athletics, sun nuna cewa a cikin shekaru arba'in tsakanin shekarar 1968 da 2008, 'yan wasan motsa jiki 67 ne kacal suka ciri tuta. Karin wasu 70 sun suka shiga cikin ƙungiyar a cikin shekaru goma kacal da suka biyo baya.

Me yake faruwa?

Fadadar kulob

Masana kimiyya irin Haake sun yi amanna cewa haduwar abubuwa da dama ne suka fara da haifar da karuwar shiga gasar wasa a faɗin duniya. Daga nan aka samu dama ta hanyoyin horarwa.

"Yanzu karin 'yan wasan tsere a faɗin duniya na amfana daga horarwa da kuma taimakon kimiyyar wasanni da fasahar zamani wajen inganta damar da suke da ita ta yin tsere sosai,'' Haake ya kara fada.

Shaidar ita ce kulob din sub-10 ya kara bunkasa fiye da na manya irin su Amurka da Jamaica da kuma ƙasashe irin su Burtaniya da Canada - wadanda aƙalla suka samu lashe lambar zinari daya a gasar tseren mita 100 na maza a wasan Olympics.

Misali Najeriya tare da Burtaniya sun kasance na uku a yawan 'yan wasan motsa jikin da suka kafa tarihi na ratar dakikoki 10, yayin da a shigowar baya-bayan nan aka hada da ƙasashen Japan da Turkiyya, da China da kuma Afirka ta Kudu, ƙasashen da basu cika yin fice ba a fannin tseren.

Sakamakon irin waɗannan sun faru har ila yau a gasar tseren mata ta mita 100. An samu ratar daƙiƙoƙi 11 a karon farko a shekarar 1973 daga 'yar wasan tsere ta ƙasar Jamus Renate Stecher. A shekarar 2011, su ma sauran 'yan wasan motsa jiki 67 sun yi irin wannan.

Shekaru goma bayan nan, adadin ya kai 115 kuma sun hada da kasashen da ke da karancin yin fice a gasar.

Kimiyar takalma da tittunan wasa da kuma wasanni

Ko shakka babu fasahar zamani ta yi amfani: yanzu 'yan wasan tsere na yin gudu da takalman da ba su da nauyi - sabon samufurin na iya kai wa nauyin kasa da giram 150.

Har ilau yau yanzu ana ƙera takalma da kayan aiki na daban. Misali ɗaya shi ne haɗin-gwuiwa tsakanin kamfanin ƙera talaman wasa na Puma na ƙasar Jamus da na tawagar wasan tseren Formula One Mercedes, wanda ke takalman gudu ta hanyar amfani da yadin mara nauyi na carbon fibre - iri ɗaya da ake amfani da shi wajen ƙera motar tauraron taurari na gasar tseren motoci Lewis Hamilton.

Filayen wasan tseren kuma sun kara bunkasa wanda a baya can da ƙwararun 'yan wasan motsa jiki suka rika gudu a kan tittunan wasa masu taɓo da kuma ciyaye a gasar wasannin.

Tittunan wasan tseren da aka gina da kayan aiki na kimiyya sun yi amfani karo na biyu a gasar wasan Olympic na shekarar 1968 a ƙasar Mexico, tare da bayar da ƙarin kariya ga gaɓoɓin ƴan wasan motsa jikin.

A irin waɗannan wasannin ne ɗan wasan tsere na Amurka Jim Hines ya zama mutum na farko da ya iya kai wa matsayin gudun mita 100 cikin daƙiƙoƙi 9.95.

A gasar wasan shekarar 2008 a birnin Beijing, kamfanin ƙera tittunan wasan tsere na ƙasar Italiya Mondo ya ciri tutar kafa tarihi kan tittutan da ya samar a gasar wasan teren kamar yadda sauran 'yan wasan suka yi.

Har ila yau kimiyya ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen abinci mai gina jiki da horarwa.

Bincike ya kuma gano wadanne ɓangaren tsoka ne suka fi muhimmanci ga samun nasarar 'yan wasa.

A watan Oktoban da ya gabata, tawagar masana kimiyya daga Jami'ar Loughborough, makarantar da ke kan gaba wajen nazarin kimiyyar wasanni, ta gano cewa nau'in tsokar jikin dan adam ta gluteus maximus ita ce muhimmiya wajen samun galabar yin tsananin gudu a kan titin wasan tseren.

"Yanzu muna da wannan ilimi na cewa akwai wata tsoka ta musamman da ke aiki a jikin 'yan wasan tseren,'' in ji Sam Allen, wani ƙwararre da ke cikin tawagar masu binciken.

"Don haka, ba da jimawa ba za mu ga 'yan wasan gudun na amfani da wannan ci gaba.''

Shin cimma nasarar wasan a zuciya ne har ila yau?

A wata hira da jaridar ƙasar Japan 'The Asahi Shimbun' a ranar 9 ga watan Yuli, wani ɗan wasan gudu, Ryota Yamagata bai yi kasa a guiwa ba wajen ƙoƙarin kai wa ga nasarar gasarsa ta sub-10 ta gudun mita 100 na maza a watan da ya gabata '' aikin masana kimiyya a cikin shekaru 20''.

Ba a taba samun wasan tsere na ƙasar Japan da ya kafa tarihi a cikin daƙiƙoƙi 10 ba sai a shekarar 2017. Tun daga nan ne, Yamagata da sauran 'yan wasa uku 'yan ƙasarsa suka samu yin hakan.

Akwai alamun cewa ƙara fadaɗa yawan adadin 'yan wasan sub-10 ya ƙara saka rashin fargaba da ake ƙoƙarin cimma tsakanin 'yan wasan motsa jikin, a cewar ɗan kasar China Bingtian, wanda a shekarar 2015 ya zama na farko a yankin Asia a gudun mita 100 cikin daƙiƙoƙi 10.

"Ina ga samun kai wa ga nasarar a zuciya ne ba a jiki ba,'' kalamnsa kenan a shekarar 2019.

Lashe kyaututuka

Tabbas wadannan ci gaba da aka samu ba su zama lallai kai-tsaye masu taimaka wa wajen samun nasarar kai ga yin rata ba.

Misali, wasu ƙasashen da suka hada da India, har ma da ɗaukacin nahiyar (Amurka ta Kudu) har yanzu ba su samar da 'yan wasan da suka yi fice a gasar tseren mata a sub-10 ta mita 100 ko kuma sub-11 ba.

A dukkanin wasannin maza da mata, Amurka da Jamaica ne su ke yin kane-kane kama daga Olympics zuwa gasar tseren duniya tun daga 1980.

Misali a wasan maza, wanda ya kasance na karshe cikin waɗanan ƙasashe da ya lashe zinari a Olympic ɗan Canada ne Donovan Bailey, a wasan Atlanta na 1996.

A fanin mata kuma, Yuilya Nestsiarenka ta lashe gasar Athens ta 2004 wanda hakan ya bada mamaki ga Belarus, ƴar wasan Amurka ta kasance wacce ta lashe wasannin biyar - Jamaica ta samu nasara a wasanni uku.

Abu ne mai wuya abubuwa su sauya a gasar Tokyo, duk da cewa wannan shi ne karo na farko bayan ritayar Bolt: Amurka dai ta lashe hudu cikin 5 a gudun mita 100 a 2021, yayinda Jamaica ke da uku, sannan akwai BaAmurkiya da ta kasance ɗaya cikin mata biyar mafiya gudu a duniya a wannan shekarar.