Asalin Shi'a, manufofinta da tasirinta a Najeriya

Tarihin Shi'a na daga cikin muhimman batutuwan da suka dade sun jan hankali kuma suke dauke da ra'ayoyin mabambanta a duniyar Musulunci.

A tsawon ƙarnuka, Shi'a ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan mazhabobin Musulunci, tare da nata fahimtar shugabancin al'umma bayan rasuwar Annabi Muhammad (SAW), matsayinta na Ahlul Baiti da kuma rawar da imamai suka taka a tarihin Musulunci.

A Najeriya, musamman a arewacin ƙasar, bayyanar Shi'a a matsayin wata al'umma mai mabiyan da tsarin koyarwa na musamman ta jawo muhawara a tsakanin malamai, masu binciken tarihi da sauran al'umma.

Yayin da wasu ke kallonta a matsayin wata mazhaba da ta daɗe tana da alamomi a tarihin yankin, wasu kuma suna danganta fitowarta fili da fafutukar Sheikh Ibrahim Zakzaky daga shekarun 1980 zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1990.

To, mene ne ainihin ma'anar Shi'a? Ta yaya ta samo asali? Waɗanne manyan rassa ne suka fi shahara a cikinta? Kuma ta yaya ta yi tasiri a addini, zamantakewa da ilimi a Najeriya?

Asalin kalmar Shi’a da ma'narta

A cewar Dokta Shuaib Muhammad, shugaban Khatamul Anbiya institute of Islamic Sciences, Kano, kalmar Shi’a kalma ce ta Larabci wadda take da ma’anar mabiyi, mai goyon bayan wani ko jama’ar da suke bin tafarkin mutum.

Ya bayyana cewa ana iya samun amfani da kalmar a cikin Alƙur’ani mai girma, inda ta zo a ma’anar mabiya ko masu bin tafarkin wani.

Ya ce a Suratus Saffat, an ambaci Annabi Ibrahim (AS) a matsayin wanda yake cikin Shi’a ko tafarkin Annabi Nuhu (AS), wato yana cikin waɗanda suke bin tafarkinsa na tauhidi.

'A wannan ma’ana, kalmar ba ta nufin mazhabar Shi’a da aka sani a yau kai tsaye ba. Ma’anarta ta asali tana da alaƙa da bin tafarki, goyon baya ko kasancewa cikin jama’ar wani."

Sai dai ya ce amfani da kalmar a Musulunci, Shi’a ta zama sunan da aka fi dangantawa da masu goyon bayan shugabancin Imam Ali bn Abi Talib (RA) da kuma ra’ayin cewa shi ne ya fi cancanta da jagorancin al’ummar Musulmi bayan rasuwar Annabi Muhammad (SAW).

A cewar Sheikh Dokta Shuaib, fahimtar Shi’a a wannan ma’ana ta wuce hada da goyon bayan Imam Ali kawai, sannan ta haɗa da wata silsila ta shugabanci da kuma fahimtar matsayin imamai daga zuriyar Annabi (SAW), musamman ta ɓangaren ’yarsa Fatima (RA).

Saboda haka, domin fahimtar Shi’a a yau, akwai buƙatar bambance ma’anar kalmar a lugga da kuma ma’anarta a matsayin mazhabar addini.

Rassan Shi’a da bambancin su

A cikin tarihin Shi’a, an samu rarrabuwa zuwa rassa daban-daban sakamakon bambance-bambancen fahimta kan shugabanci da wanda ya cancanci zama limamin al’umma bayan rasuwar kowane imami.

A cewar Dr Abdullahi Bello, akwai rassa da dama a tarihin Shi’a, amma uku daga cikin fitattun rassan da ake magana a kansu su ne Imamiyya ko Isna Ashariyya, Zaidiyya da Isma’iliyya.

1. Isna Ashariyya: Masu imani da imamai goma sha biyu

Ya ce Isna Ashariyya, wadda ake kuma kira Shi’ar Imamai 12, ita ce reshen da ya fi shahara a tsakanin waɗannan rassa.

"Mabiyanta sun yi imani da cewa bayan Annabi Muhammad (SAW), jagorancin addini ya kasance ga imamai goma sha biyu, waɗanda suke da matsayi na musamman."

Ya kara da cewa a fahimtar wannan reshe, Imam Ali shi ne imami na farko, sai Imam Hassan da Imam Hussain, sannan sauran imamai daga zuriyar Imam Hussain, har zuwa na goma sha biyu.

2. Zaidiyya: Shugabanci da fafutukar adalci

Zaidiyya kuwa, reshe ne da ake dangantawa da Imam Zaid bn Ali Zainul Abidin, wanda ya yi gwagwarmaya da mulkin Banu Umayya.

Malamib ya ce mabiyan wannan reshe sun bambanta da Isna Ashariyya wajen yadda suke fahimtar jerin imamai.

"Sun yarda da matsayin Imam Ali, Imam Hassan da Imam Hussain, amma ba sa bin jerin imamai goma sha biyu da Isna Ashariyya ta amince da su."

Ya kara da cewa a fahimtar Zaidiyya, akwai muhimmancin kasancewar jagora mai ilimi da cancanta wanda yake tsayawa wajen ƙalubalantar zalunci da neman adalci.

Malamin ya ce a irin gwagwarmaya ce aka kashe Imam Zaidu.

3. Isma’iliyya: Bambancin da ya taso kan magajin Imam Ja’afar al-Sadiq

Ya ce Isma’iliyya ta samu ne sakamakon bambancin fahimta kan wanda zai gaji Imam Ja’afar al-Sadiq, imami na shida a jerin Isna Ashariyya.

Sheikh Habibullah Ali Alkali ya bayyana cewa babban bambancin ya ta’allaka ne kan Imam Isma’il, ɗan Imam Ja’afar al-Sadiq.

"Mabiyan Isma’iliyya sun ɗauki Isma’il a matsayin magajin mahaifinsa, yayin da Isna Ashariyya suka yi imanin cewa Isma’il ya rasu kafin mahaifinsa, don haka ba shi ne ya gaje shi a matsayin imami ba. A fahimtar Isna Ashariyya, Imam Musa al-Kazim ne ya zama imami na bakwai."

Wannan bambanci kan magajin Imam Ja’afar al-Sadiq ya haifar da hanyoyi daban-daban na fahimtar shugabancin addini a cikin waɗannan rassa.

Duk da bambance-bambancen da ke tsakaninsu, batun matsayin Imam Ali da dangantakar shugabancin addini da zuriyar Annabi (SAW) yana daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka haɗa fahimtar waɗannan rassa.

Shigowar Shi’a Najeriya: Tarihi mai fuskoki daban-daban

Batun lokacin da Shi’a ta fara shigowa Najeriya yana daga cikin abubuwan da har yanzu ake samun sabanin fahimta a kansu.

Sheikh Shuaib Muhammad Abdullahi ya bayyana cewa yana da wahala a kayyade takamaiman lokacin da Shi’a ta fara kasancewa a ƙasar, domin akwai bambanci tsakanin kasancewar wasu alamomi na tarihi da kuma bayyanar wata al’umma da ta bayyana kanta a fili a matsayin mabiyan mazhabar.

A cewarsa, Farfesa Dahiru Yahaya, wani masani kan tarihi, ya taɓa bayyana masa cewa akwai wasu al’adu a fadojin sarakunan gargajiya da za a iya dangantawa da tasirin soyayyar Ahlul Baiti ko kuma wasu alamomin da ake dangantawa da Shi’a.

Daga cikin misalan da ya kawo akwai wasu al’adun fada da suka shafi adon dawakai 12 ko 14, da kuma wasu abubuwan da ake dangantawa da Sayyida Zahra, wato Fatima, ’yar Annabi Muhammad (SAW).

"Haka kuma, an yi nuni da cewa a wasu gidaje a garuruwa irin su Kano da Zariya an daɗe ana gudanar da bukukuwan Ashura. Duk da haka, gudanar da Ashura ko kasancewar wasu al’adu masu alaƙa da Ahlul Baiti ba su tabbatar da cewa duk waɗanda suka yi su mabiyan Shi’a ne ta fuskar aqida ba."

Ya kara da cewa kuma akwai kuma yiwuwar wasu mutane da suka zo Najeriya a zamanin baya, ciki har da ’yan kasuwa daga wasu ƙasashen Musulmi, sun kasance mabiyan Shi’a.

Sai dai, kamar yadda Sheikh Dokta Shuaib ya nuna, wannan ba lallai ya nuna cewa sun kafa wata al’umma mai faɗin mabiya ko kuma sun yi kira a fili ga mazhabar ba.

Sheikh Ibrahim Zakzaky da bayyanar Shi'a a fili

Idan ana maganar bayyanar Shi’a a matsayin wata al’umma mai tsari da mabiya a Najeriya, sunan Sheikh Ibrahim Zakzaky yana daga cikin waɗanda ba za a iya kauce wa ambatonsu ba.

Ya ce a mataki na farko, an fi danganta fafutukar da neman tsarin rayuwa bisa koyarwar Musulunci, kafin batun mazhabar Shi’a ya bayyana fili ga jama’a.

"A kusan shekarar 1980, Zakzaky ya je Iran bayan juyin juya halin Musulunci na 1979. Tafiyar tasa da alaƙarsa da sabuwar gwamnatin Iran sun zama muhimman abubuwan da ake dangantawa da ci gaban fahimtarsa ta addini," in ji Dr Shuaib.

Sai dai, a cewar Dokta Shuaib, sauyin fahimtar da kuma bayyanar da ita ga jama’a ba abu ne da ya faru a rana guda ba.

Ya bayyana cewa Zakzaky ya yi amfani da matakai daban-daban wajen isar da saƙonsa, musamman saboda kasancewarsa jagoran jama’a da kuma yanayin da ake ciki a wancan lokaci.

"A wasu jawabansa a lokacin, ya taɓa bayyana cewa Manzon Allah ya yi nuni da khalifofi 12, alhali fahimtar da aka fi sani a wasu sassan Musulmi ita ce khalifofi huɗu na farko, sannan ya ce a ke a yi bincike."

Wannan tambaya, a cewar Sheikh Dokta Shuaib, na daga cikin hanyoyin da Sheikh Zakzaky bi wajen buɗe ƙofar tattaunawa da bincike kan batun shugabanci bayan Annabi (SAW).

"Amma bayan wannan lokaci, batun mazhabarsa ya ƙara fitowa fili. An kuma samu mutanen da suka rabu da shi saboda bambancin fahimta, yayin da wasu suka ci gaba da kasancewa tare da shi.

Sheikh Dokta Shuaib ya danganta ƙarshen shekarun 1990, musamman tsakanin 1998 da 1999, da lokacin da bayyanar Shi’a a cikin al’ummar da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin Zakzaky ta ƙara bayyana, har da bambance-bambancen da ake iya gani a wasu ayyukan ibada.

'Saboda haka, duk da cewa ana iya samun alamomin da suka gabaci wannan lokaci, shekarun 1990 sun kasance muhimmin mataki wajen bayyanar Shi’a a fili a Najeriya, musamman ta fuskar jagoranci, koyarwa da tsarin al’umma."

Tasirin Shi’a a Najeriya: Daga aqida zuwa zamantakewa

Malaman mazhabar sun ce tasirin Shi’a a Najeriya ba ya taƙaita ga yawan mabiyanta kawai, inda suka ce ya shafi fahimtar addini, yadda wasu matasa suke neman ilimi, yadda ake gudanar da bukukuwan addini da kuma yadda ake tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi Ahlul Baiti.

Sheikh Habibullah Ali Alkali ya bayyana cewa ɗaya daga cikin alamomin tasirin Shi’a shi ne yadda ta samu al’umma mai mabiyanta, ta yadda ba za a iya yin watsi da ita a tattaunawar addini da zamantakewa ba.

Ya kuma yi nuni da yadda matasa da dama suka fara zurfafa bincike kan mazhabar, har wasu suke tafiya ƙasashen waje, musamman Iran, domin neman ilimi da ƙarin fahimta. A ganinsa, irin wannan tasiri na iya ƙara bayyana a nan gaba yayin da waɗannan matasa suke shiga fannonin koyarwa, bincike da sauran ayyukan al’umma.

Sheikh Dokta Shuaib ya kara da cewa daga cikin muhimman tasirin Shi’a shi ne yadda ta jawo hankalin jama’a kan son Annabi da iyalansa da matsayin imamai da fahimtar cewa imami yana da matsayi na musamman a addini.

Ya ce tasirin wannan fahimta a Najeriya ya bayyana ta yadda ake samun ƙarin tattaunawa kan ma’anar imama, shugabanci da matsayin Ahlul Baiti a cikin tarihin Musulunci.

Sheikh malamin ya ambato wasu bangarori da shi'a ta yi tasiri sosai:

1. Soyayyar Annabi da Ahlul Baiti

Wani fanni da Dokta Shuaib ya yi nuni da shi shi ne yadda ya ce Shi’a ta ƙara jan hankalin jama’a kan soyayyar Annabi Muhammad (SAW) da kuma kula da tarihin iyalansa, musamman abubuwan da suka shafi Imam Hussain da ranar Ashura.

A ganinsa, a wasu wurare, wannan tasiri ya taimaka wajen ƙara fahimtar ma’anar Ashura da kuma abubuwan da suka faru a Karbala. Ya kuma bayyana cewa wasu bukukuwa da ayyukan tunawa da Ahlul Baiti sun bazu har zuwa wuraren da ba lallai ne mafi yawan jama’ar wurin su kasance mabiyan Shi’a ba.

Tasirin zamantakewa da halayen mabiya

Sheikh Dokta Shuaib ya kuma bayyana cewa wasu daga cikin halayen da ake yabawa a tsakanin mabiya Shi’a sun haɗa da jajircewa, taimakon juna da ƙoƙarin kiyaye kyakkyawar mu’amala da sauran jama’a.

A ganinsa, wasu daga cikin waɗannan halaye sun taimaka wajen gina al’umma mai tsari da kuma ƙarfafa alaƙar da ke tsakanin mabiya.

"Ana yawan kwatancen mai bin tafarkin Shi'a a ma'aikatu da halaye masu kyau abin koyi."

Sai dai ya ce, kamar sauran al’ummomin addini, halayen mutane suna bambanta daga mutum zuwa wani.

Tasirin ilimi da bincike

A fannin ilimi, tasirin Shi’a ya bayyana ta hanyar kafa cibiyoyin koyarwa, gudanar da darussa da kuma ƙara tattaunawa kan bambancin hukunci da fahimtar addini tsakanin mazhabobi.

A cewar Sheikh Dokta Shuaib, a yau ana samun mutane da suke yin tambayoyi kan hukunci a mazhabar Shi’a, har ma da waɗanda ba sa ɗaukar kansu a matsayin mabiyanta.

Wannan, a cewarsa yana nuna yadda mazhabar ta zama wani ɓangare na tattaunawar ilimin addini a Najeriya.

"Wasu mutane suna neman fahimtar yadda Shi’a take kallon batutuwan aure, ibada da sauran hukunce-hukuncen shari’a. A sakamakon haka, tattaunawar mazhabobi ta ƙara faɗaɗa, kuma mutane suna samun damar kwatanta ra’ayoyi daban-daban."