Ni inde wanditse iyi nteruro yamamaye ngo: “Abatibuka ibyahise biba ngombwa ko babisubiramo,” kandi yashakaga kuvuga iki?

“Nta bintu yagiraga, yari afite ibintu bice cyane yitaga ibye”, ni ibivugwa na Professor Antonio Lastra ku mukunzi w’iby’ubwenge ‘philosopher’ George Santayana.

Abamusuye mu myaka ye ya nyuma yo kubaho, mu bitaro by’ababikira i Roma aho bari baramuhaye icyumba akodesha, babonye uburyo yabayeho mu buzima buzira ibitari ngombwa no kwinezeza.

“Imyaka ye ya nyuma yayibayeho nk’umu-monk, mu cyumba kimwe, aho yasomaga ibitabo byari birimo, nabyo bitari ibye” nkuko Prof Lastra wakoze ubushakashatsi kuri Santayana abivuga.

Ubwo yapfaga muri Nzeri (9) 1952, Time Magazina yavuze ko: “Yari afite imyaka 88 kandi izina rye ryabaye rimwe mu mazina akomeye yaranze ikinyejana”.

Akazi ke kambutse imbibi nyinshi kagera henshi ku isi, no ku batazi ko ari ake.

Prof Lastra avuga ko Santayana “yari afite impano y’interuro zizihatse ukuri”. Yongeraho ati: “Biroroshye kuzifata ukazikoresha, maze zigakundwa.”

Imwe muri izo nteruro basanze mu nyandiko ze, nawe ushobora kuba warayumvise cyangwa warayisomye ariko ntumenye uwayivuze n’uwo yawi we.

Gusezera ku kwigisha Harvard ageze aharyoshye

Santayana yavukiye i Madrid mu 1863. Inyandiko ya Time Magazine yatangajwe nyuma gato y’uko apfuye, ivuga ko “akiri umwana nta mikino yakinaga, kandi mu buzima bwe bwose atigeze yandikisha imashini, atwara imodoka, cyangwa aceza. Ntiyigeze kandi ashaka”.

Ku myaka icyenda, yagiye kuba i Boston muri Amerika aho nyina yari yimukiye. Gusa mu mpeshyi yajyaga mu biruhuko muri Espagne aho se yabaga.

Lastra, umwalimu akaba n’umushakashatsi muri University of Valencia ati: “Umuryango we wari wishoboye ku buryo yabashije kwiga muri Harvard University, aho muri icyo gihe yari imaze gutangiza ishami rya mbere ryigisha filozofiya.

Nyuma yo kwiga, Santayana yamaze imyaka 20 yigisha muri kaminuza ya Harvard, aho yavuye mu 1912 ubwo “yajyaga kuba wenyine no kwibanda ku bitekerezo bye”.

Kwegura kwe ku murimo wo kwigisha byatunguye abo bakoranaga kuko byabaye mu gihe yagenerwaga ibintu byinshi, atari nka mwalimu gusa ahubwo n’umwanditsi w’ibitabo.

Ukwemera kutagendera ku mahame

Santayana ubu afatwa nk’umwe mu b’imbere mu cyo bita ‘classical American philosophy’, gusa ntiyari kwishimira kwitwa gutyo, nk’uko Lastra abivuga.

Ati: “Nubwo yari yubashywe cyane mu balimu bagenzi be muri Harvard, ntiyakundaga iyo filozofiya yihariye ya Amerika kuko yumvaga ko ari iy’icyo gihe gusa, [ahubwo] yiyumvaga mu bahanga muri filozifiya ba cyera.”

Ku bw’iyi nzobere Lastra, Santayana yemeraga ‘Platonism’ – ishami ryemera ibitekerezo by’umuhanga Plato – igice wagereranya n’ukwemera ukuri kw’idini, mu buryo busa no kwiyegurira ubuzima bw’ukwemera kw’idini ariko butegukiye amahame y’ukwemera n’amwe.

Lastra avuga ko “Santayana yari afite umwihariko wo kuboneka nk’umuntu utavugwaho rumwe”.

Ati: “Yavugaga uburyo yemera idini ya orthodox ariko mu buryo bwite, gusa ko ukwemera kwe kutafatwa nko kugandukira amahame y’idini.”

Yongeraho ko Santayana yibandaga ku “kuvuga ibimurimo, kuvuga ukuri nyako, ariko atarengereye”, avuga kandi ko uyu muhanga atigeze yiyegurira idini runaka nubwo yakuriye mu nyigisho za Gatolika.

Ya nteruro

“Abatibuka ibyahise biba ngombwa ko babisubiramo” igaragara mu gitabo cye cya mbere, “Ubuzima bw’inyurabwenge”, igitabo kiri mu mizingo itanu yasohotse hagati ya 1905 na 1906.

Umwimerere w’iriya nteruro yawanditse mu Cyongereza ngo “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it".

Mbere y’uko nyivugaho, nabanje kuganira na Martin Coleman, umwalimu wa filozofiya muri Indiana University akaba n’umukuru wa Santayana Edition, urubuga rwagenewe ubuzima n’akazi k’uyu muhanga muri filozifiya.

“Santayana yemezaga ko umwimerere wa muntu uhinduka aho kuba indahinduka”, ariko yemeraga ko nubwo muntu ahinduka uko ibinyagihumbi by’imyaka bihita, hari imbibi ku bishobora guhinduka mu gihe cyo kubaho.

Coleman yabwiye BBC ko Santayana “yakundaga intekerezo (ideals) n’inyurabwenge(reason)”, ko iyo yavugaga ku nyurabwenge “yabaga asobanura ku gutekereza ku mpamvu/intego z’igikorwa agamije guhuza izo mpamvu”.

Mu gukora ibyo – nkuko Coleman abisobanura – intego ihushanya n’izindi zifuzwa cyane igatabwa, naho iyunganira izindi igakomezwa.

Bityo, mu mpinduka zibaho mu kubaho kwa muntu, kudahindagurika biba ingenzi mu kuyobora ubuzima bufite injyana, ubuzima bufite intego, kandi uko kudahindagurika gusaba ikintu cy’ingenzi: kwibuka.

Coleman ati: “Ni ingenzi ku bantu kugera ku ntego zabo, gushyiraho ibikorwa n’inzego zitunganya sosiyete n’inyungu zayo, imigenzo ifututse, ubugeni na siyanse.”

Ariko avuga ko ibi byose ku bwa Santayana “biterwa n’ubushobozi bwo kuzirikana” ubunararibonye cyangwa ibyo wabonye.

“Ibyo iyo bidahari” – kubwa Coleman – “biba ngombwa ko umuntu asubiramo ibintu bidafite ishingiro yakoze”.

Bityo rero kubw’uyu mukuru wa Santayana Edition, ya nteruro yamamaye ivuze iterambere ry’ubwenge bwa muntu cyangwa “ibyiciro runaka by’ubwenge”.

Ati: “Ku cyiciro cya mbere, ubwenge bujagaraye, burangaye, nta na kimwe bwigira ku byabaye, ku cyiciro cya kabiri, ubwenge bwita ku biba, bugenzura ingeso nshya bubasha kwibuka no kumenya, ku cyiciro cya gatatu, kunanirwa kubuza kugumana bimwe maze ibishya byabaye bigahita byibagirana, maze kwisubiramo kw’ibyahise kukiganza.”

Coleman avuga ko ari “ugukabya gukoresha iriya nteruro uko iri mu gusobanura ibiriho muri sosiyete na politike”, ko intekerezo ya Santayana yari yagutse kurushaho kuri: kamere muntu, amateka y’imikurire y’ubwenge, aho kuba intego za politike cyangwa ingamba runaka”.

Coleman avuga ko nubwo kwibagirwa ibyahise biteye akaga, no guheranwa n’ibyahise nabyo biteza ibibazo, gusa avuga ko gutekereza uhereye ku ntangiriro y’ikintu ari ingenzi kandi ari ishingiro rya filozofiya.

Asobanura ko hari ikigero cy’ingenzi tugomba kwibukamo ibyabaye n’ikigero cy’ingenzi cyo gufatira ku biriho ubu hatabayeho gukabya mu gushingira ku ruhande rumwe muri izi zombi.

Interuro idasaza

Ku bwa Lastra, imbaraga z’interuro ya Santayana zishingiye mu buhanga bwayo bwo guhinira mu magambo macye ikintu kitureba twese: ni akahe gaciro duha ibyahise?

Ati: “Njyewe wigisha, ni gute numvisha abanyeshuri ko bagomba kwiga ibintu bitareba ubuzima bwabo, ibyabaye ku bandi, ibyabaye mu gihe kinini gishize?

“Iyi nteruro isobanuye ikintu cya ngombwa kuri muntu: kuba dufite abasokuru kandi batagomba kwibagirana.”

Bikajyana kandi no kuba muntu akeneye gutekereza kuri we ubwe n’igihe arimo, kugira ngo “yumve ko atarimo gukora igikorwa cyo kwigana cyangwa gusubiramo”.

Umusanzu we ukomeye

Ku bwa Coleman, ibitekerezo bya Santayana biri mu bigize ingingo za filizofiya y’ubu itubwira uko twitwara ku isi, no kubaho neza.

Ati: “Aciye mu nyigisho z’imyemerere n’intekerezo bya cyera by’Abagereki n’Abaroma, filozofiya ya Santayana icukumbura ibyishimo, ubuziranenge, gutuza mu mage, ariko bitandukanye n’izindi nyigisho ize ntizirengagiza ukuri kubabaza”.

Aba bashakashatsi, bavuga ko inyigisho za Santayana “zisobanuye siyanse itarimo kwiyemera, idini ritarimo gukurikira buhumyi, no kujijura bitarimo kunnyega”.

Kuri Prof Lastra, umusanzu ukomeye wa Santayana ni uko atwibutsa ko filozofiya atari ukwigwizaho ubumenyi gusa, kuko ibyo ari cyo siyanse ivuze, ahubwo ko ari uguhindura ubwenge wamenye mo ubuzima tubaho.

Ati: “Santayana ubwe ntiyiyitaga umwalimu wa filozofiya, ahubwo umukunzi w’ubumenyi, kandi yavugaga ko umukunzi w’ubumenyi atari ibyo azi ahubwo ari uburyo abaho mu byo azi”.

Santayana ngo yashoboraga kukubaza ati: “Ubaho ute? Ubuzima bwawe bujyanye n’ibyo wamenye? Ubuzima bwawe buhuye n’uko utekereza?

Lastra ati: “Uwo ni wo musanzu w’ingenzi wa Santayana”.