Patterns of Policing and Policing Patten
by Paddy Hillyard & Mike Tomlinson
NOTES
10 For histories of the RUC see, for example, S.H.Palmer, Police and Protest in England and Ireland 1780-1850 (1998); K. Boyle, 'Police in Ireland before the Union' (1972) 7 Irish Jurist 115-37; K.Boyle, 'Police in Ireland before the Union' (1973) 8 Irish Jurist 90-116, 323-48; and M. Farrell, Arming the Protestants (1983). For more recent developments between 1969 and 1996 see Hillyard, op. Cit., n. 1.
11 See, for example, R. Weitzer, Policing Under Fire: Ethnic Conflict and Police Community Relations in Northern Ireland (1990); J. Brewer and K. Magee, Inside the RUC: Routine Policing in a Divided Society (1991); and G. Ellison and J. Smyth, The Crowned Harp: Policing Northern Ireland (2000).
12 Patten, op. Cit., n.6, para. 17.
13 id., para, 1.16.
14 id., ch.12.
15 id., ch. 4.
16 Currently of 700 training sessions only two cover human rights - 38 fewer than are spent on drill. See id., para. 4.5.
17 These were dedicated interrogation centres where suspects could be held for up to seven days.
18 Patten, op. Cit., n.6, ch.6.
19 For a discussion of these issues, see I. Loader, 'Thinking Normatively About Private Security' (1997) 24 J. of Law and Society, 377-94.
20 In fact, the first appointee is a woman, Nuala O'Loan.
21 Police (Northern Ireland) Act 1998, s.52(5).
22 id., s. 55 (6).
23 The Freedom of Bill provides for the exemptions of a wide range of police and other information which the public may have no access. These include all information held by the National Crime Intelligence Service, any information held by the police or other public body which may 'prejudice' the prevention or detection of crime, the apprehension or prosecution of offenders, the administration of justice, the assessment or collection of any tax or duty or of any imposition of a similar nature, the operation of the immigration controls or, the maintenance of security and good order in prisons or in other institutions where persons are lawfully detained.
24 The Commission drew attention to the fact that briefing notes and statistics on a range of issues were not readily available for its scrutiny. See Patten Commission, op. Cit,. n.6, para. 6.38.
25 Stalker carried out an investigation into three separate killings by the RUC, which occurred in 1982. He started his investigation in 1984 but was removed in highly controversial circumstances from the inquiry in 1986 following allegations of breaches of police discipline. In his interim report he was very critical of various aspects of policing and noted his concern about 'the lack of accountability and dubious practices within Special Branch'. See J. Stalker, Stalker (1988) 98. For a different view of the RUC see J.C. Hermon, An Autobiography: Holding the Line (1997).
26 Patten, op. Cit., n.6, paras 12.10 to 12.16.
27 id., ch. 13.
28 C. Shearing, 'A Constitutive Conception of Regulation' in The Future of Regulatory Enforcement, ed. J. Braithwaite and P. Brabosky (1992). See, also, M. Brogden and C. Shearing, Policing for a New South Africa (1993).
29 See D. Garland, 'The Limits of the Sovereign State: Strategies of Crime Control in Contemporary (1996) 36 Brit. J of Crim. 445-71.
30 See, for example, the work of N. Rose and P. Miller, 'Political Power
beyond the State: problematics of government' (1992) 43 Brit. J of Sociology
173-205; R. Ericson and K. Haggerty, Policing Futures: The Police, Law Enforcement
and the Twenty-First Century, eds, P. Francis, P. Davies, and V. Jupp (1997).
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