Ubushinwa bwahinduye ingendo muri Afrika mu gihe burondera kazoza kadahumanya ikirere

Mu gihe uruhara rw'ibindi bihugu muri Afrika rutavugwako rumwe - nk'akarorero Ubufaransa n'ibindi bihugu vya Buraya bisigaye vyinubwa n'intwaro za gisirikare zo muri Sahel, nabo abacangero ba gisirikare b'Uburusiya bakinubwa cane n'ama reta acuditse n'ibihugu vy'uburengero - Ubushinwa buri hagati na hagati.

Ibihugu birenga 50 vyo muri Afrika vyasanze ari ngirakamaro kurungika intumwa i Beijing mu nama yabaye muri iyi ndwi hagati y'Ubushinwa na Afrika -izwi nka Forum on China-Africa Co-operation, Focac.

Abakuru b'ibihugu baharurwa mu mirongo barayitavye - hamwe n'umunyamabanga mukuru wa ONU António Guterres.

Iruhande y'ibicororo nka Denis Sassou-Nguesso wa Congo-Brazzaville, yari yo nama ya mbere nk'iyo ku mukuru mushasha wa Senegal Bassirou Diomaye Faye -yabiterewe iteka mu kuja ku murongo w'imbere impande ya perezida Xi igihe abitavye inama bariko barafata ifoto bose bari kumwe n'abo bubakanye.

Ku ma reta yo muri Afrika adashaka kugira uruhande yegamira mu matati mpuzamakungu, Ubushinwa bugaragara nk'umwizigirwa wo gukorana mu gihe atawe bwinuba, baba abacuditse n'Uburusiya canke ibihugu bitwarwa n'abategetsi b'aba sivire biyumvamwo Uburaya na Amerika gusumba.

Ku Bushinwa, ni igikorwa kitoroshe kurondera inyungu zabwo bwite n'ivyankenerwa vy'ubutunzi kama bukoresha mu mahinguriro yabwo, hanyuma nabwo bugashigikira iterambere, na cane cane mu kwubaka ibikorwa remezo bikenewe cane muri Afrika.

Burakunda kwagirizwa gukwegakwegera ibihugu vya Afrika gufata amadeni y'umurengera, kandi mu ntango ntibwihuse mu kwitaba akigoro mpuzamakungu ko gutezurira ibihugu bimwe bimwe biremerewe no kwishura amadeni vyafashe.

Kandi n'ubu ntiburemera gufuta amadeni.

Hari imyidogo ko akazi k'ubumenyi buhanitse mu bwubatsi Ubushinwa bugaha abakozi babwo gusa, aho kwigisha abanya-Afrika ngo bagakore. Hari kandi n'imyidogo ko abacuruzi b'Abashinwa baguma baba benshi mu masoko yari ahasanzwe.

Ariko ku bihugu vyinshi vyo muri Afrika, ivyo ni ibintu bito cane.

Ico bishima muri iyi si aho bamwe bakwega bajana ngaha abandi hariya, ni uko Ubushinwa bwo bwama bwiteguriye gukorana n'uwo ari we wese, ata mizana ya poritike bushizeko.

Gutembagaza ubutegetsi muri Niger mu kwezi kw'indwi mu 2023 ntivyabujije Ubushinwa kubandanya no guheraheza kwubaka umuringoti wa 2000km utwara ibitoro bitayunguruye vy'ico gihugu ubishikana kw'ibahari muri Benin aho biva bishoka mu makungu.

Muri Guinee, nayo nyene itwarwa n'igisirikare, kompanyi zo mu Bushinwa zatsindiye isoko zigeze kure mu kwubaka ibarabara ry'indarayi rya 600km rishika ku nkengera z'ibahari. Iri rizova mu karere ka Simandou, aka mbere kw'isi karimwo ubutare bwinshi bw'icuma ca fer, ibarabara gushika ubu Guinee yari yarabuze aboyishigikira mu kuryubaka.

Inama ya Focac muri iyi ndwi yaje ishigikira uwo mukenyuro, aho hemewe miriyaridi 50 z'ama $ (dorari) yo gukora imigambi mu myaka itatu iri imbere.

Ariko ubu harimwo ubudasa, ubu inama ikaba yashimikiye kwijukira amasoko ntanganguvu adahumanya ikirere, harimwo gushora imitahe mu mahinguriro muri Afrika, cane cane y'imodoka zigendeshwa n'umuyagankuba.

Ivyo birakomeye cane ku mugabane wagumye cane inyuma ugereranije na Asia mu guteza imbere amahinguriro ahanitse.

Ariko iyo nama yaremeye gushigikira iyindi migambi ijanye no kudahumanya ikirere, aho Xi yemeye gushigikira gutanguza imigambi 30 y'amasoko ntanganguvu no gufashanya mu gisata c'umuyagankuba uva ku mishwarara y'ubutare bwa uranium (nikereyeri).

Ico ca nyuma gikora ahababaza abihweza ibintu n'ibindi muri Afrika mu kuba Ubufaransa bumaze imyaka n'iyindi bwimba uranium ya Niger buyijana mu nganda zabwo za nikereyeri ariko ntihagire na rumwe bwukaba kugira rutange umuyagankuba muri Afrika y'Ubuseruko.

Ubushinwa nabwo nyene burakorera muri ico gisata ca urunium muri Niger.

Ariko mu bibazo bikomeye vy'ubuhinga n'umutekano bijana n'ico gisata, ni ukurindira kuraba ko ivyo umukuru w'Ushinwa yemeye bizoja mu ngiro n'uko yoba yari amajambo yo kuryohera amatwi gusa.

Ariko kandi, Focac yaragarutse ku bibazo biteye umwitwarariko gusumba mu bijanye n'ibidukikije - nk'imyidogo ikunze kuba ko ubwato bw'Ubushinwa buroba ataco busigaza, abarovyi bahasanzwe ntibasubire kuronka ico batahana.

Hagati aho Xi yaragerageje gukomeza uko Ubshinwa bukunda kwiyerekana ko nabwo buri mu muryango w'igice c'epfo c'isi (global south) mu kwerekana ko igihugu ciwe na Afrika bigize hamwe ica gatatu c'abantu baba kw'isi.

Inama yemeje itangazo rya Beijing ryo kwubaka ''kazoza dusangiye muri iki gihe gishasha'' hamwe n'indinganizo y'ibizokorwa ku kiringo ca 2025-2027.

Ahamagarira amakompanyi yo mu Bushinwa kugaruka muri Afrika ubu ikiza ca Covid cavuye mu nzira, Xi yavuze ukugwiza na gatatu ibikorwa remezo, gushinga umuriyoni w'ubuzi hamwe no gufashanya mu bindi bisata bitandukanye.

Ariko ntibiraboneka neza ico ayo mafaranga angana na miriyaridi 50 z'ama $ azokora - mu kiboneka nk'ukurondera kuduza igihagararo mpuzamakungu c'ifaranga ry'Ubushinwa, yuan.

Umukuru w'Ubushinwa yavuze ko miriyadi 29,6 zizoca mu gutanga amadeni, nazo 9.9 zije mu mitahe y'ubugwizatunga.

Hari na miriyoni 280 z'imfashanyo ya gisirikare n'ivyo kurya - ariko ku mugabane wose ayo ni amafaranga make cane ugereranije n'ayo yo mu bisata vy'ubutunzi.

Ntawuramenya ingene ayo mafaranga azosabikanywa - canke ko azokoreshwa mu buryo hokwirindwa ko ibihugu bimwe bimwe bisubira kuja mu madeni bititura.

Mu myaka 10-15 iheze, amadeni Ubushinwa bwahaye ibihugu vya Afrika vyari bishashaye kwubaka ibikorwa remezo yaraneguwe cane ku kuba yabisubije mu kaga k'amadeni inyuma y'imyaka hafi 20 bitunganirijwe imigambi yo guheberwa amadeni.

Mu 2016, umwaka ayo madeni yashitse kw'isonga, Ubushinwa bwatangaje ko buha Afrika ideni rya miriyaridi 30 z'ama $.

Imigambi akenshi yahawe amafaranga na banki China Eximbank ku masezerano akenshi yagumye mw'ibanga ariko ata nkeka ko hari ku rugero runini rw'inyungu kurusha amadeni atangwa n'inzego mpuzamakungu nka FMI, Ibanki y'Isi n'Ibanki ya Afrika y'Iterambere, canke ayatangwa n'ibihugu vya Buraya.

Ariko, abashigikira ingendo y'Ubushinwa bashobora gusigura ko akenshi Ubushinwa bwemera gushigikira imigambi, bukemera n'ibishobora gushika vyose, aho abandi bafatanyabikorwa baba badashaka canke bagonanwa gutanga ubwo buryo ku rugero rukenewe.

Kandi harageze aho umenga akazi karagabuwe, Ubushinwa bugashira amafaranga mu kwubaka ibikorwa remezo, ibihugu vya Buraya n'inzego mpuzamakungu navyo ahanini bigafasha mu bisata vy'amagara y'abantu, amashure, ubumenyi, gukomeza inzego za reta, amaragamo mu vyo kurya, no gufasha abanyagihugu kwivyukiranya -iyo bahuye n'ibibazo nk'ibijanye n'ihindagurika ry'ibihe.

Bimaze kugaragara ingene ibihugu biremerewe no kwishura amadeni, na cane cane kubera ingaruka ku butunzi zatewe n'ikiza ca Covid, umugwi w'ibihugu 20 vya mbere bitunze kw'isi vyarashizeho urwego bihurirako, rwo gusubira gushira ibihugu biheranye ku murongo wo gushobora kuriha.

Ubushinwa bwaragiye hamwe n'ibindi muri iyo ndinganizo yo kworohereza ibihugu kuriha amadeni. Ariko hari ababona ko butakoze ibihagije.

Ubu naho, inyuma y'imyaka itari mike, iyi nama ya Focac yerekanye ko ibintu bishobora gufata umurongo mushasha.

Nk'uko, mu myaka 20 iheze, Ubusinwa bwatanguye gufata uruhara mu kwubaka ibikorwa remezo abafatanyabikorwa ba kera ba Afrika batari bagishoboye gufata uko bikwiye, ubu naho Ubushinwa bushaka gufata iya mbere mu kuba umufatanyabikorwa wa Afrika mu mahinguriro agezweho n'amasoko ntanganguvu atonona ikirere ku rugero ibihugu vya Buraya na Amerika bidashaka canke bidashoboye gukora.

Mu gihe imitahe myinshi y'ibihugu vya Buraya na Amerika muri Afrika na cane cane yo munsi y'Ubugararwa bwa Sahara ibandanya kuba ahanini mu bisata vyo gucukura ubutare, ibitoro, gaze n'uburinyi, Uburusiya nabwo bugashimikira ku mutekano ko bihugu bivyifuza, Ubushinwa bwo bufise imbonakazoza yagutse gusumba mu bijanye n'ubutunzi.

Ariko hasigaye kuraba ko uretse amajambo ya Xi, ivyo hari ico bizohindura mu buryo bugaragara mu bisata bishasha nk'amahinguriro yisunga kutonona ibidukikije.

Uretse imigambi mike mike - ishimikiro rihasanzwe ry'bikorwa remezo ryoba rizobandanya kwiganza?

Ntiraboneka neza niba imigenderanire y'Ubushinwa na Afrika igiye guhinduka mu buryo bugaragara.

Paul Melly ni umuhinga w'ibibazo vya Afrika mu gista ca Africa mu kigo Chatham House i London.