Further chemical reactions, rates and equilibrium, calculations and organic chemistry

Learn about how the reactivity series ranks metals by how readily they react. More reactive metals displace less reactive metals from their compounds and react with water.

Learn about how oxidation is loss of electrons, gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen. Reduction is gain of electrons, loss of oxygen or gain of hydrogen.

Learn how to measure rates of reaction and how to impact the rate by changing the temperature, concentration and surface area or by using a catalyst.

Learn how a reversible reaction can create a dynamic equilibrium where the amount of reactants and products remains constant, even though the reaction is still occurring.

Learn about how an organic chemical contains the element carbon and the four different homologous series of organic compounds: alkanes, alkenes, alcohols and carboxylic acids.

Learn about how chemists use relative atomic masses and relative formula masses to carry out mole calculations.

Learn about electrochemistry and explore the principles behind electrolysis, oxidation and reduction equations and extracting aluminium.

Learn about chemical reactions and how energy is transferred to or from the surroundings. Find out about reactions and temperature changes and ways of calculating energy changes.

Learn about the gaseous elements and compounds in the Earth’s atmosphere; nitrogen, ammonia, hydrogen, oxygen, metal and non-metal oxides and carbon dioxide.